Marx, Freud, Nietzsche--in vastly different ways all three employed the metaphor of the Camera obscura in their work.
In her opening chapter on Marx, Kofma.
She contrasts the mechanical function of the Camera obscura as a kind of copy machine, rendering a mirror-image of the work, with its use in the writings of master thinkers.
In this classic book--at last available in an English translation--the distinguished French philosopher Sarah Kofman offers an extended reflection on this metaphor.
Marx, Freud, Nietzsche--in vastly different ways all three employed the metaphor of the Camera obscura in their work