At least five U.
S.
The spoiler effect is mo.
In all five cases, the vote was upset by a "spoiler"--a minor candidate who took enough votes away from the most popular candidate to tip the election to someone else.
In fact, such an unFair outcome need never happen again, and as William Poundstone shows in Gaming the Vote , the solution is lurking right under our noses. presidential Elections have been won by the second most popular candidate, but these results were not inevitable.
At least five U.
S