First of all, we must consider the essential nature of every dispute: what it is that really takes place in it.
That is to say: We may show either that the proposition is not in accordance with the nature of things, i.e., with absolute, objective truth; or that it is inconsistent with other state.
The modes are (1) ad rem, (2) ad hominem or ex concessis.
I.
There are two modes of refuting it, and two courses that we may pursue.
Our opponent has stated a thesis, or we ourselves, -it is all one.
First of all, we must consider the essential nature of every dispute: what it is that really takes place in it